Mechanistic Insights into the Reactive Uptake of Chlorine Nitrate at the Air–Water Interface
Zhengyi Wan, Ye‐Guang Fang, Ziao Liu, Joseph S. Francisco, Chongqin Zhu
Abstract
It is well-known that the aqueous-phase processing of chlorine nitrate (ClONO 2 ) plays a crucial role in ozone depletion. However, many of the physical and chemical properties of ClONO 2 at the air–water interface or in bulk water are unknown or not understood on a microscopic scale. Here, the solvation and hydrolysis of ClONO 2 at the air–water interface and in bulk water at 300 K were investigated by classical and ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations combined with free energy methods. Our results revealed that ClONO 2 prefers to accumulate at the air–water interface rather than in the bulk phase. Specifically, halogen bonding interactions (ClONO 2 )Cl···O(H 2 O) were found to be the predominant interactions between ClONO 2 and H 2 O. Moreover, metadynamics-biased AIMD simulations revealed that ClONO 2 hydrolysis is catalyzed at the air–water interface with an activation barrier of only ∼0.2 kcal/mol; additionally, the difference in free energy between the product and reactant is only ∼0.1 kcal/mol. Surprisingly, the near-barrierless reaction and the comparable free energies of the reactant and product suggested that the ClONO 2 hydrolysis at the air–water interface is reversible. When the temperature is lowered from 300 to 200 K, the activation barrier for the ClONO 2 hydrolysis at the air–water interface is increased to ∼5.4 kcal/mol. These findings have important implications for the interpretation of experiments.