Prenatal exposure to phthalates and child growth trajectories in the first 24 months of life
Meng Yang, Zhong Chen, Zhongqiang Cao, Hong Mei, Feiyan Xiang, Linling Yu, Liqin Hu, Aifen Zhou, Han Xiao
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Phthalates are a class of environmental chemicals with endocrine-disrupting properties. Prenatal phthalate exposure has been associated with adverse developmental outcomes in childhood. However, data assessing the effects of prenatal phthalate exposure on postnatal infant growth trajectories are sparse. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the associations of prenatal phthalate exposure with child growth trajectories from birth to 24 months old. METHODS: Within a Chinese birth cohort study, 1051 mother-offspring pairs were included. Seven phthalate metabolites were quantified in maternal urine collected between weeks 33 and 39 of gestation. The trajectories for weight-for-age z-score (WAZ), length-for-age z-score (LAZ), weight-for-length z-score (WLZ) and head-circumference-for-age z-score (HCZ) were determined by group-based trajectory modeling (GBTM). Multinomial logistic regression and the weighted quantile sum approach (WQS) were used to investigate the association between individual and phthalate mixture exposure and the growth trajectories of four anthropometric metrics. RESULTS: Five trajectory groups were identified for each anthropometric measure using GBTM. Higher prenatal exposure to several phthalate metabolites (MEHP, MEHHP, MEOHP, MECCP, summed DEHP metabolites, as well as MBP) was associated with child growth trajectories, especially for WAZ and LAZ in the first 24 months of life. The associations were further confirmed by a mixture analysis of phthalate metabolites and a sex-specific effect was observed in the WAZ and LAZ trajectories. CONCLUSION: Prenatal phthalate exposure had heterogeneous associations with postnatal growth trajectories. More studies are warranted to confirm and elucidate the meaning of our findings.