Artificial intelligence and visual inspection in cervical cancer screening
Carolyn Nakisige, Marlieke de Fouw, Johnblack K Kabukye, Marat Sultanov, Naheed Nazrui, Aminur Rahman, Janine de Zeeuw, Jaap Koot, Arathi P. Rao, Keerthana Prasad, Shyamala Guruvare, Premalatha Siddharta, Jelle Stekelenburg, Jogchum Beltman
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Visual inspection with acetic acid is limited by subjectivity and a lack of skilled human resource. A decision support system based on artificial intelligence could address these limitations. We conducted a diagnostic study to assess the diagnostic performance using visual inspection with acetic acid under magnification of healthcare workers, experts, and an artificial intelligence algorithm. METHODS: A total of 22 healthcare workers, 9 gynecologists/experts in visual inspection with acetic acid, and the algorithm assessed a set of 83 images from existing datasets with expert consensus as the reference. Their diagnostic performance was determined by analyzing sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve, and intra- and inter-observer agreement was measured using Fleiss kappa values. RESULTS: Sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve were, respectively, 80.4%, 80.5%, and 0.80 (95% CI 0.70 to 0.90) for the healthcare workers, 81.6%, 93.5%, and 0.93 (95% CI 0.87 to 1.00) for the experts, and 80.0%, 83.3%, and 0.84 (95% CI 0.75 to 0.93) for the algorithm. Kappa values for the healthcare workers, experts, and algorithm were 0.45, 0.68, and 0.63, respectively. CONCLUSION: This study enabled simultaneous assessment and demonstrated that expert consensus can be an alternative to histopathology to establish a reference standard for further training of healthcare workers and the artificial intelligence algorithm to improve diagnostic accuracy.