Extracellular Vesicles as Pro- and Anti-inflammatory Mediators, Biomarkers and Potential Therapeutic Agents in Multiple Sclerosis
Mallahalli S. Manu, Hirohiko Hohjoh, Takashi Yamamura
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by multiple demyelinating lesions in the spinal cord and brain. Neuronal disruption caused by myelin loss or demyelination, which may accompany axonal changes, leads to multiple neurological symptoms. They may transiently appear for weeks during periods of disease worsening (relapse) in relapsing-remitting form of MS (RRMS). Although a number of genetic, metabolic and environmental factors influencing the development of MS have been identified, the precise mechanisms involved in the CNS tissue damage in MS are still poorly understood. Recent studies have revealed a significant role of circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs) in many diseases. EVs are known to serve as a cellular communication tool between two cell types either in close proximity or in different parts of the body. During the recent development in understanding of the pathogenesis of MS, studies have revealed the possible role of EVs in MS. Furthermore, circulating EVs can be used as a biomarker for monitoring disease progression and activity of MS, and they can also be therapeutic reagents or targets of therapy. In this review we overview and discuss in detail about generation of EVs and their diversified roles in MS.