One-Step Direct Recovery of Lithium from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries via Water-Based Deep Eutectic Solvent
Mingqiang Cheng, Juanjian Ru, Qibo Zhang, Yixin Hua, Cunying Xu, Yinghua Zhang, Ding Wang
Abstract
The boom of the lithium-ion battery (LIB) industry is dialectically correlated with a scarcity of raw resources, particularly lithium (Li), so the recovery of critical metals from spent LIBs has become very essential for resource sustainability. Here, a new strategy for the one-step direct recovery of Li from spent LIB cathode active materials via water-based deep eutectic solvents (DESs) is put forward, together with the recycling and reuse of the DES. Without any reagent and pretreatment, Li 2 C 2 O 4 can be directly and preferentially precipitated from the H 2 O-based choline chloride-oxalic acid (ChCl-OA) DES, and CoC 2 O 4 ·2H 2 O is obtained easily from the residual Co-rich leachate by adding H 2 O. The leaching efficiencies are nearly 100% for Li and Co, and the recovery efficiencies reach 91.2 and 94.6%, respectively. The recovery mechanism of Li and Co is clarified based on the coordination-guided design between Li + and C 2 O 4 2–, which enables the precise separation of Li and Co. It is crucial to strictly control the H 2 O content in the DES, which is always being ignored, serving as a diluent and complexant, avoiding the solidification of the DES, and realizing the preferential precipitation of Li. The optimization of the leaching and recovery processes is comprehensively investigated as well as the middle-sized experiments in the 2 L leaching level, and a leaching kinetic model is established. The strategy proposed here offers a promising possibility for the direct and preferential recovery of Li from spent LIBs, promoting the development of high economic efficiency and environmental protection of the battery recycling market.