Phenotypic plasticity masks range‐wide genetic differentiation for vegetative but not reproductive traits in a short‐lived plant
Jesús Villellas, Johan Ehrlén, Elizabeth E. Crone, Anna Mária Csergő, Marı́a B. Garcı́a, Anna‐Liisa Laine, Deborah A. Roach, Roberto Salguero‐Gómez, Glenda M. Wardle, Dylan Z. Childs, Bret D. Elderd, Alain Finn, Sergi Munné‐Bosch, Bénédicte Bachelot, Judit Bódis, Anna Bucharová, Christina M. Caruso, Jane A. Catford, Matthew Coghill, Aldo Compagnoni, Richard P. Duncan, John M. Dwyer, Aryana Ferguson, Lauchlan H. Fraser, Emily Griffoul, Ronny Groenteman, Liv Norunn Hamre, Aveliina Helm, Ruth Kelly, Lauri Laanisto, Michele Lonati, Zuzana Münzbergová, Paloma Nuche, Siri Lie Olsen, Adrian Oprea, Meelis Pärtel, William K. Petry, Satu Ramula, Pil Uthaug Rasmussen, Simone Ravetto Enri, Anna Roeder, Christiane Roscher, Cheryl B. Schultz, Olav Skarpaas, Annabel L. Smith, Ayco J. M. Tack, Joachim Töpper, Peter A. Vesk, Gregory E. Vose, Elizabeth M. Wandrag, Astrid Wingler, Yvonne M. Buckley
Abstract
Genetic differentiation and phenotypic plasticity jointly shape intraspecific trait variation, but their roles differ among traits. In short-lived plants, reproductive traits may be more genetically determined due to their impact on fitness, whereas vegetative traits may show higher plasticity to buffer short-term perturbations. Combining a multi-treatment greenhouse experiment with observational field data throughout the range of a widespread short-lived herb, Plantago lanceolata, we (1) disentangled genetic and plastic responses of functional traits to a set of environmental drivers and (2) assessed how genetic differentiation and plasticity shape observational trait-environment relationships. Reproductive traits showed distinct genetic differentiation that largely determined observational patterns, but only when correcting traits for differences in biomass. Vegetative traits showed higher plasticity and opposite genetic and plastic responses, masking the genetic component underlying field-observed trait variation. Our study suggests that genetic differentiation may be inferred from observational data only for the traits most closely related to fitness.