Wearable Aptalyzer Integrates Microneedle and Electrochemical Sensing for In Vivo Monitoring of Glucose and Lactate in Live Animals
Fatemeh Bakhshandeh, Hanjia Zheng, Nicole G. Barra, Sadegh Sadeghzadeh, Irfani R. Ausri, Payel Sen, Fatemeh Keyvani, Fasih A. Rahman, Joe Quadrilatero, Juewen Liu, Jonathan D. Schertzer, Leyla Soleymani, Mahla Poudineh
Abstract
Continuous monitoring of clinically relevant biomarkers within the interstitial fluid (ISF) using microneedle (MN)-based assays, has the potential to transform healthcare. This study introduces the Wearable Aptalyzer, an integrated system fabricated by combining biocompatible hydrogel MN arrays for ISF extraction with an electrochemical aptamer-based biosensor for in situ monitoring of blood analytes. The use of aptamers enables continuous monitoring of a wide range of analytes, beyond what is possible with enzymatic monitoring. The Wearable Aptalyzer is used for real-time and multiplexed monitoring of glucose and lactate in ISF. Validation experiments using live mice and rat models of type 1 diabetes demonstrate strong correlation between the measurements collected from the Wearable Aptalyzer in ISF and those obtained from gold-standard techniques for blood glucose and lactate, for each analyte alone and in combination. The Wearable Aptalyzer effectively addresses the limitations inherent in enzymatic detection methods as well as solid MN biosensors and the need for reliable and multiplexed bioanalytical monitoring in vivo.