Socioeconomic disparities in SUDEP in the US
Esma Cihan, Dale C. Hesdorffer, Michael Brandsoy, Ling Li, David R. Fowler, Jason K. Graham, Michael Karlovich, Elizabeth Donner, Orrin Devinsky, Daniel Friedman
Abstract
<h3>Objective</h3> To determine the impact of socioeconomic status (SES) on sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) rates. <h3>Methods</h3> We queried all decedents presented for medico-legal investigation at 3 medical examiner (ME) offices across the country (New York City, Maryland, San Diego County) in 2009 to 2010 and 2014 to 2015. We identified all decedents for whom epilepsy/seizure was listed as cause/contributor to death or comorbid condition on the death certificate. We then reviewed all available reports. Decedents determined to have SUDEP were included for analysis. We used median income in the ZIP code of residence as a surrogate for SES. For each region, zip code regions were ranked by median household income and divided into quartiles based on total population for 2 time periods. Region-, age-, and income-adjusted epilepsy prevalence was estimated in each zip code. SUDEP rates in the highest and lowest SES quartiles were evaluated to determine disparity. Examined SUDEP rates in 2 time periods were also compared. <h3>Results</h3> There were 159 and 43 SUDEP cases in the lowest and highest SES quartiles. ME-investigated SUDEP rate ratio between the lowest and highest SES quartiles was 2.6 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.7–4.1, <i>p</i> < 0.0001) in 2009 to 2010 and 3.3 (95% CI 1.9–6.0, <i>p</i> < 0.0001) in 2014 to 2015. There was a significant decline in overall SUDEP rate between the 2 study periods (36% decrease, 95% CI 22%–48%, <i>p</i> < 0.0001). <h3>Conclusion</h3> ME-investigated SUDEP incidence was significantly higher in people with the lowest SES compared to the highest SES. The difference persisted over a 5-year period despite decreased overall SUDEP rates.