A Comprehensive Evaluation and Assessment Practices of Electromagnetic Interferences in Electric Vehicle
K. Ramya, Janaki Gopalakrishnan, C. Bharatiraja, Rajesh Verma, Lucian Mihet‐Popa
Abstract
In this work, electromagnetic interference (EMI) poses significant challenges in a variety of industries, with the automotive sector being notably impacted by its stringent electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) standards and regulations. This article investigates the primary factors that motivate EMI research and evaluates the most recent advancements in EMI management. Examining the driving forces behind EMI research and navigating through the current state-of-the-art knowledge surrounding EMI. This includes characterization in both time and frequency domains, with conducted EMI generally ranging from 150 kHz to 30 MHz and radiated EMI from 30 MHz to 1 GHz, all of which have substantial consequences for electric vehicles (EVs). The investigation also explores the regulations that govern EMC in the automotive sector, providing a comprehensive understanding of significant standards including the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), the International Special Committee on Radio Interference (CISPR), the International Standard Organization (ISO), and the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE). Additionally, it examines EMI measurement techniques for emission testing, emphasizing the use of EMI filters like FMLF, AEF, and HEF, achieving suppression from <40 dB <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula> V to 65 dB. Soft-switching techniques such as ZVS and ZCS improve efficiency (up to 97.4%) and reduce EMI from 7 dB to 35 dB. Random modulation and chaotic PWM techniques show suppression levels ranging from 12 dB to 40 dB. Additionally, the paper outlines potential future challenges and opportunities in managing EMI, highlighting the importance of continuous research to overcome these obstacles and improve the overall reliability and performance of EV systems.