<i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i> : much more than a human pathogen
Santiago Castillo‐Ramírez, Alejandro Aguilar-Vera, Ayush Kumar, Benjamin A. Evans
Abstract
ABSTRACT Acinetobacter baumannii is a major human nosocomial pathogen. Due to this, a significant amount of knowledge has been gained about human clinical isolates over a substantial period of time. More recently, studies have begun to pay attention to non-human isolates of A. baumannii . In reviewing these studies, we highlight some major trends. First, A. baumannii has been found in a variety of sources/hosts: from diverse types of animals, to food products, to plants and even aquatic environments. Second, considering the molecular epidemiology of A. baumannii , two scenarios are possible. One implies transmission between human and non-human populations, and this has been described in several international clones (ICs): IC1, IC2, IC5, IC7, and IC8. In the other scenario, human populations are well differentiated from non-human populations, and there is no exchange between them. Third, in terms of antibiotic resistance in the non-human populations, these populations tend to have fewer antibiotic resistance genes, mostly intrinsic in nature. However, when non-clinical bacterial populations come into closer contact with humans, the antibiotic resistance profiles of the non-human bacterial population become more similar to those of clinical populations. Also, there are some instances of non-human isolates showing extensive drug resistance phenotypes. By far, the least studied aspect is the virulence potential of A. baumannii from non-human sources. A small number of studies suggest that some non-human isolates can be as virulent as the human isolates. Finally, we discuss gaps in knowledge and future research avenues when considering non-human populations of A. baumannii and their relationship with human populations.