Clinical characteristics and outcomes among hospitalized adults with severe COVID-19 admitted to a tertiary medical center and receiving antiviral, antimalarials, glucocorticoids, or immunomodulation with tocilizumab or cyclosporine: A retrospective observational study (COQUIMA cohort)
Pablo Guisado‐Vasco, Sofia Valderas-Ortega, María Maravillas Carralón-González, Ana Roda-Santacruz, Lucía González‐Cortijo, Gabriel Sotres-Fernández, Eva María Martí-Ballesteros, José Manuel Luque-Pinilla, Elena Almagro-Casado, Félix J. La Coma-Lanuza, Ruth Barrena-Puertas, Esteban Javier Malo-Benages, María José Monforte-Gómez, Rocío Diez-Munar, Esther Merino-Lanza, Lorena Comeche-Casanova, Margarita Remirez-de-Esparza-Otero, María Correyero Plaza, Manuel Recio-Rodríguez, Margarita Rodríguez-López, María Dolores Sánchez-Manzano, Cristina Andreu‐Vázquez, Israel J. Thuissard, José María Echave-Sustaeta María-Tomé, Daniel Carnevali-Ruiz
Abstract
Background The COVID-19 outbreak challenges the Spanish health system since March 2020. Some available therapies (antimalarials, antivirals, biological agents) were grounded on clinical case observations or basic science data. The aim of this study is to describe the characteristics and impact of different therapies on clinical outcomes in a cohort of severe COVID-19 patients. Methods In this retrospective, single-center, observational study, we collected sequential data on adult patients admitted to Hospital Universitario Quironsalud Madrid. Eligible patients should have a microbiological (positive test on RT-PCR assay from a nasal swab) or an epidemiological diagnosis of severe COVID-19. Demographic, baseline comorbidities, laboratory data, clinical outcomes, and treatments were compared between survivors and non-survivors. We carried out univariate and multivariate logistic regression models to assess potential risk factors for in-hospital mortality. Findings From March 10th to April 15th, 2020, 607 patients were included. Median age was 69 years [interquartile range, {IQR} 22; 65% male). The most common comorbidities were hypertension (276 [46·94%]), diabetes (95 [16·16%]), chronic cardiac (133 [22·62%]) and respiratory (114 [19·39%]) diseases. 141 patients (23·2%) died. In the multivariate model the risk of death increased with older age (odds ratio, for every year of age, 1·15, [95% CI 1·11 - 1·2]), tocilizumab therapy (2·4, [1·13 - 5·11]), C-reactive protein at admission (1·07, per 10 mg/L, [1·04 - 1·10]), d-dimer > 2·5 μg/mL (1·99, [1·03 - 3·86]), diabetes mellitus (2·61, [1·19 - 5·73]), and the PaO 2 /FiO 2 at admission (0·99, per every 1 mmHg, [0·98 - 0·99]). Among the prescribed therapies (tocilizumab, glucocorticoids, lopinavir/ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine, cyclosporine), only cyclosporine was associated with a significant decrease in mortality (0·24, [0·12 - 0·46]; p <0·001). Interpretation In a real-clinical setting, inhibition of the calcineurin inflammatory pathway, NF-κΒ, could reduce the hyperinflammatory phase in COVID-19. Our findings might entail relevant implications for the therapy of this disease and could boost the design of new clinical trials among subjects affected by severe COVID-19. Funding Hospital Universitario Quironsalud Madrid. Own fundings for COVID-19 research.