Catalytic valorisation of biomass levulinic acid into gamma valerolactone using formic acid as a H<sub>2</sub> donor: a critical review
Ayman Hijazi, Nidal Khalaf, Witold Kwapiński, James J. Leahy
Abstract
-donor solvents for reducing levulinic acid into γ-valerolactone under mild temperatures. To wrap up, the critical discussion presented enables readers to hone their knowledge about different schools and emphasizes research gaps emerging from experimental work. The review concludes with a comprehensive table summarizing the recent catalysts reported between the years 2017-2021.
Topics & Concepts
Levulinic acidFormic acidValorisationCatalysisBiomass (ecology)ChemistryOrganic chemistryWaste managementAgronomyBiologyEngineeringCatalysis for Biomass ConversionBiofuel production and bioconversionCatalysis and Hydrodesulfurization Studies