Serratus anterior palsy as a Masquerader: utilizing novel digital dynamic radiography for diagnosis and treatment response
Sameer R. Khawaja, John M. Kopriva, Zaamin B. Hussain, Hayden L. Cooke, Michael B. Gottschalk, Eric R. Wagner
Abstract
Scapulothoracic motion is dependent on a force couple balance between the various periscapular muscles, enabling scapular internal and external rotation, protraction and retraction, and medial and lateral tilt.1 Dysfunction of any of the muscles can result in scapulothoracic abnormal motion, leading to an abnormal scapulohumeral rhythm (SHR) and motion of the shoulder complex.20 Scapular winging is one type of scapulothoracic abnormal motion, caused by either traumatic injury or chronic compression of either the long thoracic nerve (LTN) or spinal accessory nerve (innervating the serratus anterior (SA) and trapezius muscles, respectively).