3D laminar flow–assisted crystallization of perovskites for square meter–sized solar modules
Buyi Yan, Wanlei Dai, Zheng Wang, Zhiming Zhong, Lei Zhang, Miao Yu, Qianhan Zhou, Qingwei Ma, Kangrong Yan, Pengfei Zhang, Yang Yang, Jizhong Yao
Abstract
Transforming laboratory-scale perovskite solar cells to large-scale production will require uniform crystallization of the perovskite film. We designed a method to aid the crystallization process by generating well-defined three-dimensional (3D) laminar airflow over square meter-sized perovskite films using a customized 3D-printed structure. The resultant perovskite solar modules with areas of 0.7906 square meters had a certified power conversion efficiency of 15.0% and achieved compliance with three sets of solar cell standards. Our metrics for a 1-year operational study from a 0.5-megawatt peak power perovskite solar farm indicate a 29% higher energy yield per kilowatt of installed capacity compared with that of silicon modules at the same facility that primarily resulted from their temperature-dependent operational characteristics.