Polylactic acid: A future universal biobased polymer with multifunctional performance—from monomer synthesis, and processing to applications: A review
Linyun Mou, Jianlong Li, Ya Lu, Ganpeng Li, Juan Li
Abstract
The environmental crisis driven by petroleum-based plastics has accelerated the demand for sustainable alternatives. Polylactic acid (PLA), a biodegradable biopolymer derived from renewable resources, stands out due to its unique structural characteristics and versatile applications. This review critically examines PLA’s synthesis pathways, with a focus on optimizing direct condensation and ring-opening polymerization techniques to address challenges such as molecular weight control and production scalability. Furthermore, we systematically analyze the correlation between PLA’s crystallinity, thermal stability, and mechanical properties, offering insights into tailoring its performance for specific applications. The article highlights advancements in processing technologies—such as 3D printing and electrospinning—that enhance PLA’s utility in high-precision biomedical devices and eco-friendly packaging. Contrary to previous studies, we emphasize unresolved issues, including degradation rate variability under diverse environmental conditions and cost barriers in large-scale adoption. By integrating lifecycle assessments and market trends, this review provides a roadmap for overcoming these limitations while aligning with global policies on plastic waste reduction.