Escherichia coli-Derived Outer Membrane Vesicles Relay Inflammatory Responses to Macrophage-Derived Exosomes
Risa Imamiya, Akari Shinohara, Daisuke Yakura, Takehiro Yamaguchi, Koji Ueda, Ami Oguro, Yukiko Minamiyama, Hiroshi Ichikawa, Yasuhiko Horiguchi, Mayuko Osada‐Oka
Abstract
Recently, extracellular membrane vesicles (EVs) were regarded as drivers that carry cargo such as proteins, lipids, metabolites, RNA, and DNA for intracellular signaling transduction. Mammalian cells release various types of EVs, including microvesicles shed from the plasma membrane, exosomes from endosomes, apoptotic bodies, and others. EVs have been reported to mediate inflammatory signals between mammalian cells. In addition, bacteria are also known to release EVs to carry various bacterial factors. In this study, we show that bacterial EVs lead host mammalian cells to release stimulatory EVs that enhance inflammatory responses. Our results provide a novel example that bacterial EVs transduce biological signals to mammalian EVs.