Assessment of pulmonary embolism severity and the risk of early death
Piotr Pruszczyk, Marta Skowrońska, Michał Ciurzyński, Katarzyna Kurnicka, Mareike Lankei, Stavros Konstantinides
Abstract
Currently, venous thromboembolism, including deep vein thrombosis and acute pulmonary embolism (PE), is globally the third most frequent acute cardiovascular syndrome with rising incidence rates. The clinical presentation of PE is heterogenous: from incidental findings on imaging studies to sudden cardiac death. Hemodynamic instability identifies patients at high risk of early mortality. In hemodynamically stable patients, further stratification into intermediate- and low-risk categories is advised, preferably using a combined risk assessment strategy based on clinical parameters, laboratory findings, and imaging markers. Treatment should be tailored to the risk of early death, with more aggressive treatments reserved for patients at higher risk of complications. This review offers an update on the current strategies for assessing PE severity and the risk of early death and discusses developments in predicting mortality risk in patients with PE.