Multiple independent recombinations led to hermaphroditism in grapevine
Cheng Zou, Mélanie Massonnet, Andrea Minio, Sagar Patel, Víctor Llaca, Avinash Karn, Fred E. Gouker, Lance Cadle‐Davidson, Bruce I. Reisch, Anne Fennell, Dario Cantù, Qi Sun, Jason P. Londo
Abstract
genus using shotgun resequencing data of 556 wild and domesticated accessions from North America, East Asia, and Europe. A high linkage disequilibrium was found at the SDR in all wild grape species, while different recombination signatures were observed along the hermaphrodite (H) haplotype of 363 cultivated accessions, revealing two distinct H haplotypes, named H1 and H2. To further examine the H2 haplotype, we sequenced the genome of two grapevine cultivars, 'Riesling' and 'Chardonnay'. By reconstructing the first two H2 haplotypes, we estimated the divergence time between H1 and H2 haplotypes at ∼6 million years ago, which predates the domestication of grapevine (∼8,000 y ago). Our findings emphasize the important role of recombination suppression in maintaining dioecy in wild grape species and lend additional support to the hypothesis that at least two independent recombination events led to the reversion to hermaphroditism in grapevine.