Green-synthesized chromium oxide nanoparticles using pomegranate husk extract: Multifunctional bioactivity in antioxidant potential, lipase and amylase inhibition, and cytotoxicity
Shi-Yan Cheah, Mohammod Aminuzzaman, You-Kang Phang, Sharon Chia-Yen Lim, Ming-Xiu Koh, Sinouvassane Djearamane, Hemaroopini Subramaniam, Boon-Hoe Lim, Fang Li, Ling Shing Wong, Lai‐Hock Tey
Abstract
Abstract Malnutrition is a growing global health concern that contributes to obesity. This study presents the green synthesis of chromium oxide nanoparticles (Cr₂O₃ NPs) using pomegranate husk aqueous extract as both reducing and capping agents via a microwave-assisted method. The synthesized MA-Cr₂O₃ NPs were characterized using UV-Vis, FTIR, field emission scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), HR-transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffraction methods. TEM analysis revealed an average particle size of 11.69 nm, and EDX confirmed nanoparticle (NP) purity. Antioxidant activity was assessed through 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and ABTS assays, showing strong free radical scavenging abilities of 80.4% and 65.8% at 1 and 5 mg·mL −1 , respectively. The NPs also contained notable levels of phenolics (10.14 mg GAE·g −1 ) and flavonoids (33.28 mg QE·g −1 ). In enzyme inhibition assays, NPs exhibited potent activity against pancreatic lipase (91.7%) and α-amylase (90.5%), with EC₅₀ values of 0.16 ± 0.002 mg·mL −1 and 0.15 ± 0.003 mg·mL −1 at 0.25 mg·mL −1 . Cytotoxicity testing on Vero cells showed 55.5% viability at 0.25 mg·mL −1 , indicating acceptable biocompatibility. These results highlight the potential of MA-Cr₂O₃ NPs for antioxidant and anti-obesity applications, offering a sustainable and eco-friendly solution for managing health issues related to malnutrition.