Pollution status, health risk assessment of potentially toxic elements in soil and their uptake by gongronema latifolium in peri-urban of Ora-Eri, south-eastern Nigeria
Ebuka Chidiebere Mmaduakor, Chisom Theresa Umeh, Joy Ebele Morah, Daniel Omeodisemi Omokpariola, Azubuike Amos Ekwuofu, Somto Stephen Onwuegbuokwu
Abstract
Pollution monitoring of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in a typical peri-urban area in Ora-Eri, Nigeria has been unchecked. Thus, unified evaluation process was developed to assess the pollution load index and potential health risk to inhabitants in mapped regions. The environmental risk was evaluated using contamination factor, geo-accumulation index and Nemerow integrated index. The source of heavy metal pollution was identified by Pearson correlation statistics. Public health risk caused by intake of leafy vegetables and soil exposure were estimated in regard to location of the farmland. The soil was non-contaminated by lead (Pb), arsenic (As), selenium (Se) and chromium (Cr) but gongronema latifolium was contaminated with As exceeding WHO/FAO limit. The bioaccumulation of PTEs in the vegetable follows this order: Se > Pb > As > Cr. The retention of selenium in leaf is high because is an essential metalloid. The pollution status of the studied locations ranged from low to moderate. Arsenic is the main contributor to the ecological contamination. The potential hazard health risk ranged from 5.37E-03 to 2.75E-02 for adults and 5.40E-02 to 2.60E-01 for children. The cancer risk for adults (2.43E-06 to 1.24E-05) and children (8.75E-05 to 1.15E-04) exceeded the acceptable standard (1 × 10−6) signifying gradual cancer effects. Therefore, the estimated hazard index and total cancer risk revealed that children are more prone to potential health risk than adults. Nevertheless, further continuous works should be carried out to monitor health risk in humans especially children and the control management policy of the peri-urban area should be adopted.