Lipid Transfer Proteins (LTPs)—Structure, Diversity and Roles beyond Antimicrobial Activity
Vinícius Costa Amador, Carlos André dos Santos-Silva, Lívia Maria Batista Vilela, Marx Oliveira-Lima, Mireli de Santana Rêgo, Ricardo Salas Roldan-Filho, Roberta Lane de Oliveira Silva, Ayug Bezerra Lemos, Wilson Dias de Oliveira, José Ribamar Costa Ferreira‐Neto, Sérgio Crovella, Ana Maria Benko‐Iseppon
Abstract
Lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) are among the most promising plant-exclusive antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). They figure among the most challenging AMPs from the point of view of their structural diversity, functions and biotechnological applications. This review presents a current picture of the LTP research, addressing not only their structural, evolutionary and further predicted functional aspects. Traditionally, LTPs have been identified by their direct isolation by biochemical techniques, whereas omics data and bioinformatics deserve special attention for their potential to bring new insights. In this context, new possible functions have been identified revealing that LTPs are actually multipurpose, with many additional predicted roles. Despite some challenges due to the toxicity and allergenicity of LTPs, a systematic review and search in patent databases, indicate promising perspectives for the biotechnological use of LTPs in human health and also plant defense.