Zero-Strain Cathodes for Lithium-Based Rechargeable Batteries: A Comprehensive Review
Sol Hui Park, Nam Kyeong Lee, Seong Gyu Lee, Ji Hyun Han, Yun Jung Lee
Abstract
Cathode materials commonly experience volumetric changes that can reduce the cycle life of lithium-based rechargeable batteries. To improve stability in performance, materials must be designed to be structurally invariant throughout electrochemical cycling. Zero-strain cathode materials refer to those cathode materials that undergo negligible or zero volumetric changes during cell cycling. These can provide various benefits, including a high battery operating voltage, high capacity, and long-term stability. In this review, we summarize the problems of conventional cathode active materials originating from volumetric changes with the origin of strains and discuss the zero-strain behavior of the cathode. Recent advancements in the validation of engineering strategies to enhance cathode performance based on zero-strain behavior and identification of reaction mechanisms in zero-strain cathodes are highlighted. Further, analytical methods are introduced that can be used to demonstrate the strain behavior of cathodes with suppressed volumetric changes. Finally, a comprehensive outlook on the future direction of research on materials with zero-strain behavior is provided.