Sacubitril/Valsartan and Frailty in Patients With Heart Failure and Preserved Ejection Fraction
Jawad H. Butt, Pooja Dewan, Pardeep S. Jhund, Inder S. Anand, Dan Atar, Junbo Ge, Akshay S. Desai, Luis Eduardo Echeverría, Lars Køber, Carolyn S.P. Lam, Aldo P. Maggioni, Felipe A. Martínez, Milton Packer, Jean L. Rouleau, David Sim, Dirk J. van Veldhuisen, Bojan Vrtovec, Faı̈ez Zannad, Michael R. Zile, Jianjian Gong, Martin Lefkowitz, Adel R. Rizkala, Scott D. Solomon, John J.V. McMurray
Abstract
Frailty is an increasingly common problem, and frail patients are less likely to receive new pharmacologic therapies because the risk–benefit profile is perceived to be less favorable than in nonfrail patients. This study investigated the efficacy of sacubitril/valsartan according to frailty status in 4,796 patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction randomized in the PARAGON-HF (Prospective Comparison of ARNI With ARB Global Outcomes in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction) trial. Frailty was measured by using the Rockwood cumulative deficit approach. The primary endpoint was total heart failure hospitalizations or cardiovascular death. A frailty index (FI) was calculable in 4,795 patients. In total, 45.2% had class 1 frailty (FI ≤0.210, not frail), 43.5% had class 2 frailty (FI 0.211-0.310, more frail), and 11.4% had class 3 frailty (FI ≥0.311, most frail). There was a graded relationship between FI class and the primary endpoint, with a significantly higher risk associated with greater frailty (class 1: reference; class 2 rate ratio: 2.19 [95% CI: 1.85-2.60]; class 3 rate ratio: 3.29 [95% CI: 2.65-4.09]). The effect of sacubitril/valsartan vs valsartan on the primary endpoint from lowest to highest FI class (as a rate ratio) was: 0.98 [95% CI: 0.76-1.27], 0.92 [95% CI: 0.76-1.12], and 0.69 [95% CI: 0.51-0.95]), respectively (Pinteraction = 0.23). When FI was examined as a continuous variable, the interaction with treatment was significant for the primary outcome (Pinteraction = 0.002) and total heart failure hospitalizations (Pinteraction < 0.001), with those most frail deriving greater benefit. Frailty was common in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and associated with worse outcomes. Compared with valsartan, sacubitril/valsartan seemed to show a greater reduction in the primary endpoint with increasing frailty, although this was not significant when FI was examined as a categorical variable. (Prospective Comparison of ARNI With ARB Global Outcomes in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction [PARAGON-HF]; NCT01920711).