Oxygen Vacancy Engineering in Na<sub>3</sub>V<sub>2</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub> for Boosting Sodium Storage Kinetics
Minxia Jiang, Dan Xu, Bai‐Feng Yang, Chaozhen Zhang, Minhua Cao
Abstract
Abstract Improving Na‐ion diffusion kinetics is an effective strategy to boost the sodium storage performance of electrode materials for sodium ion batteries (SIBs). Herein, an oxygen vacancy engineering is reported to evidently enhance Na‐ion diffusion kinetics of Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 and accordingly boost sodium storage performance. Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 /C with different molar contents of Cu doping (0%, 2.5%, 4%, 5%, and 6%) are synthesized using a simple sol–gel method followed by an annealing treatment. The experimental results show that Cu 2+ successfully replaces the V 3+ sites of Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 and that does not change its phase composition. The introduction of Cu 2+ not only results in the formation of V 4+ to maintain charge balance, leading to a shorter VO bond, but also promotes the generation of oxygen vacancies and accordingly facilitates Na‐ion diffusion kinetics. As expected, the optimal sample displays a stable capacity of 111.4 mA h g −1 with capacity retention of 90.4% over 300 cycles at 1 C and a high rate capacity of 83.8 mA h g −1 at 20 C. The studies demonstrate that the Cu doping is favorable for the electrochemical enhancement of Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 , which provides a promising prospect for Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 as a cathode for SIBs.