Distinct ARG profiles associated with class 1 integrons in municipal and industrial wastewater treatment plants
Yan Zhang, Zhiguo Su, Xuyang Qiu, He Liu, Donghui Wen, Lyujun Chen
Abstract
Class 1 integrons facilitate horizontal gene transfer, significantly influencing antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) dissemination within microbial communities. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are critical reservoirs of ARGs and integrons, yet the integron-mediated dynamics of ARG transfer across different WWTP types remain poorly understood. Here we show distinct ARG profiles associated with class 1 integrons in municipal and industrial WWTPs using a novel approach combining nested-like high-throughput qPCR and PacBio sequencing. Although industrial WWTPs contained higher absolute integron abundances, their relative ARG content was lower (1.27×10 7 –9.59×10 7 copies/ng integron) compared to municipal WWTPs (3.72×10 7 –1.98×10 8 copies/ng integron). Of the 132,084 coding sequences detected from integrons, 56.8% encoded antibiotic resistance, with industrial plants showing lower ARG proportions, reduced ARG array diversity, and greater incorporation of non-ARG sequences. These findings suggest industrial WWTP integrons integrate a broader array of exogenous genes, reflecting adaptation to complex wastewater compositions. This work enhances our understanding of integron-driven ARG dynamics in wastewater and offers a robust strategy for environmental integron analysis.