Widespread convergence in stream fishes
Luke M. Bower, David E. Saenz, Kirk O. Winemiller
Abstract
Abstract Convergent evolution, the evolution of similar phenotypes among distantly related lineages, is often attributed to adaptation in response to similar selective pressures. Here, we assess the prevalence and degree of convergence in functional traits of stream fishes at the microhabitat scale in five zoogeographical regions across the world. We categorized species by microhabitat, water velocity and preference for substrate complexity and calculated the prevalence of convergence, degree of convergence and functional diversity for each category. Among species occupying similar microhabitats of small, low-gradient streams, 34% had combinations of convergent traits. Convergence occurred at higher rates than expected by chance alone, implying that adaptation to similar environmental conditions often resulted in similar evolutionary patterns along multiple niche dimensions. Two of the microhabitat groupings had significantly convergent species represented in all zoogeographical regions. Fishes occupying microhabitats with high water velocity and low structural complexity generally occupied a restricted morphospace and exhibited greater prevalence and higher degrees of convergence. This suggests that water velocity and habitat structural complexity interact, selecting a restricted distribution of trait distributions and higher degrees of convergence in stream fish assemblages. Furthermore, these results suggest that microhabitat features in streams select for fish trait distributions in a fairly predictable and deterministic manner worldwide.