A Methodology to Model the Rain and Fog Effect on the Performance of Automotive LiDAR Sensors
Arsalan Haider, Marcell Pigniczki, Shotaro Koyama, Michael H. Köhler, Lukas Haas, Maximilian C. Fink, Michael Schardt, Koji Nagase, Thomas Zeh, Abdülkadir Eryıldırım, Tim Poguntke, Hideo Inoue, Martin Jakobi, Alexander W. Koch
Abstract
In this work, we introduce a novel approach to model the rain and fog effect on the light detection and ranging (LiDAR) sensor performance for the simulation-based testing of LiDAR systems. The proposed methodology allows for the simulation of the rain and fog effect using the rigorous applications of the Mie scattering theory on the time domain for transient and point cloud levels for spatial analyses. The time domain analysis permits us to benchmark the virtual LiDAR signal attenuation and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) caused by rain and fog droplets. In addition, the detection rate (DR), false detection rate (FDR), and distance error derror of the virtual LiDAR sensor due to rain and fog droplets are evaluated on the point cloud level. The mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) is used to quantify the simulation and real measurement results on the time domain and point cloud levels for the rain and fog droplets. The results of the simulation and real measurements match well on the time domain and point cloud levels if the simulated and real rain distributions are the same. The real and virtual LiDAR sensor performance degrades more under the influence of fog droplets than in rain.