Cold‑pressed oil from <i>Citrus aurantifolia</i> inhibits the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells via regulation of PI3K/MAPK signaling pathways
Byeong‐Wook Song, Chang Kyun Lee, Junhee Park, Bomi Kim, Seahyoung Lee, Soyeon Lim, Sang Woo Kim, Jung‐Won Choi, Mi-Sun Kang, Jung Kang, Sung-Suk Lee, Mi Jin Park, Hanbyeol Moon, Ki‐Chul Hwang, Il-Kwon Kim
Abstract
Vascular occlusive disease is a chronic disease with significant morbidity and mortality. Although a variety of therapies and medications have been developed, the likelihood of disease re‑emergence is high and this can be life‑threatening. Based on a previous screening experiment related to vascular obstructive diseases using 34 types of essential oils, cold‑pressed oil (CpO) from <em>Citrus aurantifolia</em> (lime) has been demonstrated to have the best effect for the inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) proliferation. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of lime CpO on the pathological changes of VSMCs. To determine this, the effect of lime CpO on VSMC proliferation, a major cause of vascular disease, was investigated. To determine the safe concentration interval for toxicity of CpO during VSMC culture, a dilution of 1x10<sup>‑5</sup> was determined using Cell Counting Kit‑8 assay, which was confirmed to be non‑toxic using a lactate dehydrogenase assay. To examine the effect of lime CpO in cellular signaling pathways, changes in phosphorylation of both the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and extracellular signal‑regulated MEK/ERK signaling pathways with serum were investigated. Furthermore, lime CpO with FBS also significantly decreased the expression levels of the cell cycle regulators cyclin D1 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen. Additionally, lime CpO with FBS significantly inhibited the sprouting of VSMCs in an <em>ex vivo</em> culture system. These results suggested that lime CpO inhibited the abnormal proliferation of VSMCs and can be developed as a nature‑based therapeutic agent for obstructive vascular disease.