Counterpart identification and classification for eRASS1 and characterisation of the active galactic nuclei content
M. Salvato, J. Wolf, T. Dwelly, H. Starck, Johannes Büchner, R. Shirley, A. Merloni, A. Georgakakis, Fabian Balzer, M. Brusa, A. Rau, S. Freund, Dustin Lang, Teng Liu, G. Lamer, A. Schwope, W. Roster, Sophia G. H. Waddell, M. Scialpi, Z. Igo, M Kluge, F. Mannucci, Shubhanshu Tiwari, D. Homan, M. Krumpe, A. Zenteno, D. Hernández-Lang, J. Comparat, M. Farina, J. Snigula, D. Schlegel, B. A. Weaver, Rongpu Zhou, A. Dey, F. Valdés, Adam D. Myers, S. Juneau, Hartmut Winkler, I. Márquez, F. Di Mille, S. Ciroi, M. Schramm, D. A. H. Buckley, J. Brink, M. Gromadzki, J. Robrade, K. Nandra
Abstract
Context. Accurately accounting for the Active Galactic Nucleus (AGN) phase in galaxy evolution requires a large, clean AGN sample. This is now possible with SRG/eROSITA, which completed its first all-sky X-ray survey (eRASS1) on June 12, 2020. The public Data Release 1 (DR1, Jan 31, 2024) includes 930,203 sources from the western Galactic hemisphere. Aims. The data enable the selection of a large AGN sample and the discovery of rare sources. However, scientific return depends on accurate characterisation of the X-ray emitters, requiring high-quality multi-wavelength data. This paper presents the identification and classification of optical and infrared counterparts to eRASS1 sources. Methods. Counterparts to eRASS1 X-ray point sources were identified using Gaia DR3, CatWISE2020, and Legacy Survey DR10 (LS10) with the Bayesian NWAY algorithm and trained priors. Sources were classified as Galactic or extragalactic via a machine-learning model combining optical/IR and X-ray properties, trained on a reference sample. For extragalactic LS10 sources, photometric redshifts were computed using C IRCLEZ . Results. Within the LS10 footprint, all 656,614 eROSITA/DR1 sources have at least one possible optical counterpart; ∼570 000 are extragalactic and likely AGN. Half are new detections compared to AllWISE, Gaia, and Quaia AGN catalogues. Gaia and CatWISE2020 counterparts are less reliable, due to the survey’s shallowness and the limited amount of features available to assess the probability of being an X-ray emitter. In the Galactic plane, where the overdensity of stellar sources also increases the chance of associations, using conservative reliability cuts, we identified approximately 18 000 Gaia and 55 000 CatWISE2020 extragalactic sources. Conclusions. We have released three high-quality counterpart catalogues – plus the training and validation sets – as a benchmark for the field. These datasets have many applications, but in particular, they empower researchers to build AGN samples tailored for completeness and purity, accelerating the hunt for the Universe’s most energetic engines.