Comprehensive Overview of Homogeneous Gold-Catalyzed Transformations of π-Systems for Application Scientists
Ioannis Stylianakis, Antonios Kolocouris
Abstract
We present an overview of fundamental catalytic reactions of nucleophiles with π-systems in relation to gold chemistry. We present examples of reactions with gold-activated π-systems, alkynyl or allenyl moieties, and the regulation of their reactivity due to the presence of an electron-donating or -withdrawing group. The reactions describe furnished hard-to-reach heterocyclic building blocks for medicinal chemistry purposes. Important gold(I) or gold(III) complexes that are used as catalysts are presented. We examine the activation of such π-systems using gold(I) or gold(III) catalysts and the corresponding divergent catalytic transformations. We provide examples of divergent catalysis using gold(I) catalyst and other metal catalysts (Pt, Ag, Pd, Rh, Sc, Cu) or by changing the ligands in gold(I) catalyst complexes. We also discuss the role of the solvent, counterions and additives in gold(I)-catalyzed reactions. We mention, in a few cases, characteristic experimental or computational studies of these gold-catalyzed reactions of nucleophiles with π-systems.