Genome-scale metabolic models for natural and long-term drug-induced viral control in HIV infection
Anoop T. Ambikan, Sara Svensson Akusjärvi, Shuba Krishnan, Maike Sperk, Piotr Nowak, Jan Vesterbacka, Anders Sönnerborg, Rui Benfeitas, Ujjwal Neogi
Abstract
Genome-scale metabolic models (GSMMs) can provide novel insights into metabolic reprogramming during disease progression and therapeutic interventions. We developed a context-specific system-level GSMM of people living with HIV (PLWH) using global RNA sequencing data from PBMCs with suppressive viremia either by natural (elite controllers, PLWH EC ) or drug-induced (PLWH ART ) control. This GSMM was compared with HIV-negative controls (HC) to provide a comprehensive systems-level metabo-transcriptomic characterization. Transcriptomic analysis identified up-regulation of oxidative phosphorylation as a characteristic of PLWH ART , differentiating them from PLWH EC with dysregulated complexes I, III, and IV. The flux balance analysis identified altered flux in several intermediates of glycolysis including pyruvate, α-ketoglutarate, and glutamate, among others, in PLWH ART . The in vitro pharmacological inhibition of OXPHOS complexes in a latent lymphocytic cell model (J-Lat 10.6) suggested a role for complex IV in latency reversal and immunosenescence. Furthermore, inhibition of complexes I/III/IV induced apoptosis, collectively indicating their contribution to reservoir dynamics.