Epigenetics in autoimmune diseases: Unraveling the hidden regulators of immune dysregulation
Giacomo Bagni, Edoardo Biancalana, Emanuele Chiara, Ilaria De Costanzo, Danilo Malandrino, Elena Lastraioli, Miki Palmerini, Elena Silvestri, Maria Letizia Urban, Giacomo Emmi
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases result from complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors. Recent advances in epigenetic research shed light on the intricate regulatory mechanisms that contribute to the development and progression of such conditions. The present review aims to explore the role of epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs, in the context of autoimmune diseases. We discuss the current understanding of epigenetic alterations associated with various autoimmune disorders, their impact on immune cell function, and their potential as innovative therapeutic targets. Additionally, we highlight the main future directions in the field of epigenetics in autoimmunity. • The study of epigenetic changes in autoimmune diseases is a dynamic and rapidly growing area of research. Moving forward, several important directions should be prioritized, including: • Targeted therapeutic approaches development and clinical validation: There is significant potential in developing treatments that specifically target epigenetic modifications in autoimmune diseases. Additional studies are necessary to explore the safety and effectiveness of epigenetic-based therapies, including DNMT inhibitors, HDAC inhibitors, and miRNA-focused treatments in clinical settings. • Epigenome-based personalized medicine development and clinical validation: Gaining a deeper understanding of the individual epigenetic profiles of patients could pave the way for customized treatment approaches. By pinpointing epigenetic changes linked to disease progression and severity, healthcare providers could adjust therapies to maximize treatment effectiveness. • Environmental risk factors assessment and validation: Exploring the relationships between environmental influences and epigenetic changes could enhance our understanding of what triggers autoimmune diseases. This knowledge could be used to develop preventive strategies and inform public health policies aimed at limiting exposure to environmental risks • Longitudinal Studies: Research that tracks epigenetic changes in autoimmune disease patients over time can offer important insights into how the disease progresses and how patients respond to treatment. This method can reveal the evolving nature of epigenetic modifications and their significance for disease outcomes.