Immune-Enhancing Effects of <i>Lactobacillus plantarum</i> 200655 Isolated from Korean Kimchi in a Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunocompromised Mouse Model

Abstract

The immune system plays a crucial defense-mechanism role by preventing pathogens and various infectious agents from initiating disease Homeostasis in the immune system is maintained by immunostimulation and immunosuppression, leading to immune regulation This defense system classically comprises the two sectors of innate and adaptive immunity In the non-specific defenses, known as innate immunity, neutrophils, macrophages, natural killer (NK) cells, and dendritic cells perceive exogenous factors and promote the production of cytokines When macrophages are activated, they eliminate the hazard directly by phagocytosis and indirectly by releasing inflammatory cytokines such as nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ), tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-), and the interleukins . In contrast, the specific defenses, known as adaptive immunity, are characterized by T and B cells [6]. Inflammatory cytokines are also accompanied by the NF-B and MAPK signaling pathways Physiological and pathological responses, including stress responses, inflammation, and apoptosis, are mediated by the MAPK signaling pathway in mammalian cells and tissues In the MAPK signaling pathway, phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and ERK1/2 plays important roles, activating the production of TNF-, IL-6, and IL-8, which are inflammatory factors Moreover, the MAPK cascade and IL-8 secretion are triggered by . In addition to MAPK, NF-B regulates the expression of proinflammatory mediators. NF-B p65 protein combines with IB protein and exists in the cytoplasm. Depending on external stimuli, NF-B kinases (IKKs) can phosphorylate the IB family of proteins, followed by ubiquitination and degradation, further phosphorylating p65 and releasing it into the nucleus, where it promotes inflammation.

Topics & Concepts