The Role of Vitamin D in Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases: A Narrative Review
Agata Czarnywojtek, Ewa Florek, Krzysztof Pietrończyk, Nadia Sawicka‐Gutaj, Marek Ruchała, Ohad Ronen, Iain J. Nixon, Ashok R. Shaha, Juan P. Rodrigo, Ralph P. Tufano, Mark Zafereo, Gregory W. Randolph, Alfio Ferlito
Abstract
Vitamin D (VitD) deficiency has garnered significant attention in contemporary medical research. Although the canonical biological activity of VitD manifests itself mainly in the regulation of calcium-phosphorus metabolism, recent studies show that, thanks to the presence of numerous receptors, VitD may also play an important role in regulating the immune system. VitD deficiency has been demonstrated to impact autoimmune disease, coeliac disease, infections (including respiratory/COVID-19), and patients with cancer. Recent studies also show that VitD plays a significant role in autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITDs). Many studies have shown a correlation between low VitD levels and chronic autoimmune thyroiditis - Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT), Graves' disease (GD), and postpartum thyroiditis (PPT). This review article, therefore, describes the current state of knowledge on the role of VitD in AITDs, including HT, GD, and PTT.