Recommendations for sample selection, collection and preparation for NMR-based metabolomics studies of blood
Abdul‐Hamid Emwas, Helena U. Zacharias, Marcos Rodrigo Alborghetti, G. A. Nagana Gowda, Daniel Raftery, Ryan T. McKay, Chung‐ke Chang, Edoardo Saccenti, Wolfram Gronwald, Sven Schuchardt, Roland Leiminger, Jasmeen S. Merzaban, Nour Yaseen Rabah Madhoun, Mazhar Iqbal, Rawiah Alsiary, Rupali Shivapurkar, Arnab Pain, Dhanasekaran Shanmugam, Danielle Ryan, Raja Roy, Horst Joachim Schirra, Vanessa Morris, Ana Carolina de Mattos Zeri, Fatimah Alahmari, Rima Kaddurah‐Daouk, Reza M. Salek, Marcia LeVatte, Mark Berjanskii, Bryan Lee, David S. Wishart
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Metabolic profiling of blood metabolites, particularly in plasma and serum, is vital for studying human diseases, human conditions, drug interventions and toxicology. The clinical significance of blood arises from its close ties to all human cells and facile accessibility. However, patient-specific variables such as age, sex, diet, lifestyle and health status, along with pre-analytical conditions (sample handling, storage, etc.), can significantly affect metabolomic measurements in whole blood, plasma, or serum studies. These factors, referred to as confounders, must be mitigated to reveal genuine metabolic changes due to illness or intervention onset. REVIEW OBJECTIVE: This review aims to aid metabolomics researchers in collecting reliable, standardized datasets for NMR-based blood (whole/serum/plasma) metabolomics. The goal is to reduce the impact of confounding factors and enhance inter-laboratory comparability, enabling more meaningful outcomes in metabolomics studies. KEY CONCEPTS: This review outlines the main factors affecting blood metabolite levels and offers practical suggestions for what to measure and expect, how to mitigate confounding factors, how to properly prepare, handle and store blood, plasma and serum biosamples and how to report data in targeted NMR-based metabolomics studies of blood, plasma and serum.