Intravesical BCG and Incidence of Alzheimer Disease in Patients With Bladder Cancer
Dimitrios Makrakis, Sarah K. Holt, Charles Bernick, Petros Grivas, John L. Gore, Jonathan L. Wright
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Alzheimer disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative disease, and immunomodulation offers treatment opportunities. Preclinical data suggest that intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) treatment could delay AD development. We investigated this relationship in a population-based cancer database. SAMPLE AND METHODS: We queried the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare database for patients with high-risk nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer (hrNMIBC). BCG dosage and subsequent Alzheimer diagnosis were collected through ICD-9/10 codes. Multivariable Cox regression was performed to assess the association between BCG therapy and subsequent Alzheimer diagnosis. RESULTS: We identified 26,584 hrNMIBC patients; 51% received BCG and 8.3% were diagnosed with Alzheimer. BCG exposure was significantly associated with lower Alzheimer occurrence (hazard ratio: 0.73, P <0.05), which was dose-dependent. Increasing age, female sex, Black race, and increasing comorbidity index were significantly associated with a greater risk of subsequent Alzheimer diagnosis. DISCUSSION: Treatment with intravesical BCG among patients with hrNMIBC was associated with a significantly lower risk for subsequent Alzheimer diagnosis, which seemed dose-dependent.