Application of Metal–Organic Frameworks for Efficient Removal of Doxorubicin Hydrochloride: Removal Process Optimization and Biological Activity
Kholood Alkhamis, Meshari M. Aljohani, Saham F. Ibarhiam, Yasmeen A. S. Hameed, Hana M. Abumelha, Turki M. Habeebullah, Nashwa M. El‐Metwaly
Abstract
High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide This study looked at the doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX) anticancer drug’s adsorption characteristics on a silver-based metal–organic framework (Ag-MOF). X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used for the characterization of Ag-MOF. The pore volume and surface area of Ag-MOF were determined through Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) testing at 77 K to be 0.509 cm 3 /g and 676.059 m 2 /g, respectively. Adsorption at pH 6 was established to be the best for DOX compared to alkaline solution. Ag-MOF has a good capacity for eliminating DOX (1.85 mmol/g), according to adsorption experiments. From the adsorption results, we can find that Langmuir is the most fitted adsorption isotherm model and the pseudo-second order model best fitted the adsorption kinetics. The energy of activation for adsorption, which was determined to be 15.23 kJ/mol, also supported a chemisorption process. The mechanism of adsorption was evaluated, and details of all possible interactions between DOX and Ag-MOF were illustrated. On the other hand, while examining the impact of temperature, we identified the thermodynamic constraints as Δ G °, Δ H °, and Δ S ° and confirmed that the reaction was an endothermic one and spontaneous. Even after numerous reuse cycles, the efficiency remained constant. The synthetic adsorbent was remarkably recyclable at a rate of more than 91.6%. By using the MTT assay, the cytotoxicity of the tested Ag-MOF and DOX@Ag-MOF against human breast cancer cells (MCF-7) was evaluated in vitro . The in vitro antimicrobial activity of Ag-MOF and [email protected] was also tested.