The Xenometabolome of Early-Life Stage Salmonids Exposed to 6PPD-Quinone
Phillip Ankley, Francisco Carlos da Silva, Blake Hunnie, Catherine Roberts, Andreas N. M. Eriksson, Evan Kohlman, Jennifer Corker, Jodi Westcott, Bradlee Germain, Michael J. Martin, Justin Dubiel, Katherine Anderson-Bain, Rayen M. Urrutia, Natacha Hogan, John P. Giesy, Steve Wiseman, Ed S. Krol, Markus Hecker, Markus Brinkmann
Abstract
N -(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)- N′ -phenyl- p -phenylenediamine-quinone (6PPD-Q) is a ubiquitous transformation product (TP) derived from the rubber tire antioxidant N -(1,3-dimethylbutyl)- N′ -phenyl- p -phenylenediamine (6PPD) and is acutely toxic to certain species of Salmonidae . Not all salmonids are sensitive to acute lethality caused by 6PPD-Q, with 6PPD-Q potency varying by several orders of magnitude among teleosts. The main driver(s) of species sensitivity differences is (are) a pressing question, with one area of interest examining whether differences in teleosts’ ability to biotransform and detoxify 6PPD-Q could be a key factor. This study utilized liquid-chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) to assess biotransformation and metabolome-wide effects of 6PPD-Q on early life stage salmonids, including two sensitive species, rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) and lake trout ( Salvelinus namaycush ), and one tolerant species, brown trout ( Salmo trutta ). Three phase I TPs and seven phase II TPs were detected, with differences in peak area ratios revealing that brown trout had the greatest ability to conjugate phase I TPs. Monohydroxylated TPs were verified using codeveloped analytical standards that will be of use for future biomonitoring and exposure assessment. Several endogenous metabolites were found to be dysregulated in rainbow and lake trout, indicative of mitochondrial dysfunction, altered metabolism, and disrupted membrane permeability. Results of this study indicate a potential difference in the biotransformation capability of 6PPD-Q among Salmonidae fish species, detection of a unique phase I TP in sensitive Salmonidae species, and subsequent unique metabolome responses.