Protein and Imaging Biomarkers in the Eye for Early Detection of Alzheimer’s Disease
Shaunt Fereshetian, Joshua S. Agranat, Nicole H. Siegel, Steven Ness, Thor D. Stein, Manju L. Subramanian
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common causes of dementia worldwide. Although no formal curative therapy exists for the treatment of AD, considerable research has been performed to identify biomarkers for early detection of this disease, and thus improved subsequent management. Given that the eye can be examined and imaged non-invasively with relative ease, it has emerged as an exciting area of research for evidence of biomarkers and to aid in the early diagnosis of AD. This review explores the current understanding of both protein and retinal imaging biomarkers in the eye. Herein, primary findings in the literature regarding AD biomarkers associated with the lens, retina, and other ocular structures are reviewed.