Autonomous wearable sensing enabled by capillary microfluidics: a review
Kiran Kuruvinashetti, Amin Komeili, Amir Sanati‐Nezhad
Abstract
off-body analysis. Key design principles including the use of burst valves, evaporative reservoirs, multilayer channel networks, and hydrogel-assisted interfaces are discussed in the context of minimizing evaporation, backflow, and biofouling. Advances in electrochemical and optical biosensing for real-time quantification of physiologically relevant analytes such as cortisol, glucose, lactate, pH, and electrolytes are evaluated alongside emerging trends in multiplexing and closed-loop therapeutic integration. Finally, the review highlights translational challenges in clinical validation, biocompatibility, and manufacturing scalability, outlining a roadmap for future development of lab-on-skin diagnostics and personalized health monitoring.