Overdose Detection Technologies to Reduce Solitary Overdose Deaths: A Literature Review
Alexa Rose Lombardi, Ritikraj Arya, Joseph G. Rosen, Erin Thompson, Ralph Welwean, Jessica Tardif, Josiah D. Rich, Ju Nyeong Park
Abstract
Drug overdoses were a leading cause of injury and death in the United States in 2021. Solitary drug use and solitary overdose deaths have remained persistent challenges warranting additional attention throughout the overdose epidemic. The goal of this narrative review is to describe recent global innovations in overdose detection technologies (ODT) enabling rapid responses to overdose events, especially for people who use drugs alone. We found that only a small number of technologies designed to assist in overdose detection and response are currently commercially available, though several are in the early stages of development. Research, development, and scale-up of practical, cost-effective ODTs remains a public health imperative. Equipping places where people live, learn, work, worship, and play with the necessary tools to detect and prevent overdose deaths could complement ongoing overdose prevention efforts.