Adsorption of reactive black 5 dye using eggshell waste supported by Fe2O3: An equilibrium isotherms study
Akram Fadhl Al-Mahmodi, Mahmood Riyadh Atta, Yamuna Munusamy, Baker Nasser Saleh Al-dhawi
Abstract
• The combination of Fe 2 O 3 with eggshell waste was clearly synthesized and characterized. • Fe 2 O 3 supported on eggshell waste is an effective method for removing reactive black 5 dye from wastewater. • The optimum isothermal adsorption was described at equilibrium condition by the linear forms of Langmuir with high regression coefficient of R 2 =0.996. • The maximum adsorption capacity was identified as 250 mg/g. Annually, the textile industry discharges thousands of tons of non-dissolved dyes into water bodies, presenting significant environmental challenges. Eggshell waste has emerged as a valuable, low-cost, and environmentally friendly adsorbent for addressing these issues. This study investigates the adsorption of Reactive Black 5 dye using eggshell waste supported by Fe 2 O 3 , focusing on equilibrium isotherms to evaluate the adsorption capacity. The synthesized adsorbent was characterized using SEM, XRD, FTIR and BET analyses, revealing the spherical morphology and substantial surface area of Fe 2 O 3 , which contributed to enhanced adsorption efficiency. XRD confirmed the crystalline structure of the eggshell waste. Adsorption data fit best with the Langmuir isotherm model, demonstrating a maximum adsorption capacity of 250 mg/g for the removal of Reactive Black 5 dye. The combination of eggshell waste with Fe 2 O 3 presents an efficient and sustainable solution for dye removal from wastewater, promoting both environmental protection and the reutilization of waste materials.