Finding the True Catalyst for Water Oxidation at Low Overpotential in the Presence of a Metal Complex
Mohammad Saleh Ali Akbari, Zahra Zand, P. Aleshkevych, Zvonko Jagličić, Mohammad Mahdi Najafpour
Abstract
The design of molecular-based catalysts for oxygen-evolution reaction (OER) requires more investigations for the true catalyst to be found. First-row transition metal complexes are extensively investigated for OER, but the role of these metal complexes as a true catalyst is doubtful. Some doubts have been expressed about the role of first-row transition metal complexes for OER at high overpotentials (η > 450). Generally, the detection of the true catalyst has so far been focused on high overpotentials (η > 450) because at low overpotentials (η < 450), many methods are not sensitive enough to detect small amounts of heterogeneous catalysts on the electrode surface during the first seconds of the reaction. Ni(II) phthalocyanine-tetra sulfonate tetrasodium (1) is in moderate conditions (at 20–50 °C and pH 5–13) in the absence of electrochemical driving forces, which could make it noteworthy for OER. Herein, the results of OER in the presence of 1 at low overpotentials under alkaline conditions are presented. In addition, in the presence of Ni complexes, using an Fe ion is introduced as a new method for detecting Ni (hydr)oxide under OER. Our experiments indicate that in the presence of a homogeneous OER (pre)catalyst, a deep investigation is necessary to rule out the heterogeneous catalysts formed. Our approach is a roadmap in the field of catalysis to understand the OER mechanism in the presence of a molecular Ni-based catalyst design. Our results shown in this study are likely to open up new perspectives and discussion on many molecular catalysts in a considerable part of the chemistry community.