Bridging the gap between tumor-on-chip and clinics: a systematic review of 15 years of studies
Charlotte Bouquerel, Anastasiia Dubrova, Isabella Hofer, Duc T. T. Phan, M Bernheim, Ségolène Ladaigue, Charles Cavaniol, Danilo Maddalo, Luc Cabel, Fatima Mechta‐Grigoriou, Claire Wilhelm, Gérard Zalcman, Maria Carla Parrini, Stéphanie Descroix
Abstract
models by enabling precise control over various parameters. These parameters include the properties of the extracellular matrix, mechanical forces exerted on cells, the physico-chemical environment, cell composition, and the architecture of the tumor microenvironment. Such fine control allows ToC to closely replicate the complex microenvironment and interactions within tumors, facilitating the study of cancer progression and therapeutic responses in a highly representative manner. Importantly, by incorporating patient-derived cells or tumor xenografts, ToC models have demonstrated promising results in terms of clinical validation. We also examined the potential of ToC for pharmaceutical industries in which ToC adoption is expected to occur gradually. Looking ahead, given the high failure rate of clinical trials and the increasing emphasis on the 3Rs principles (replacement, reduction, refinement of animal experimentation), ToC models hold immense potential for cancer research. In the next decade, data generated from ToC models could potentially be employed for discovering new therapeutic targets, contributing to regulatory purposes, refining preclinical drug testing and reducing reliance on animal models.