Review of solid-state hydrogen storage: Materials categorisation, recent developments, challenges and industrial perspectives
Muhammad Altaf, U.B. Demirci, Animesh Chandra Haldar
Abstract
In the era of carbonisation and climate change, hydrogen has consistently been seen as a potential source of energy. Besides being clean and versatile as an energy carrier, it has a high calorific value of 140 MJ kg −1 which makes it suitable for different applications such as transportation, power generation and aerospace applications. Despite several benefits, hydrogen storage has consistently posed a challenge to its adoption due to issues of leakage, material degradation and safety concerns. This review focuses on hydrogen storage technologies, with an emphasis on material-based storage and its industrial implications. It begins with an explanation on the fundamentals of hydrogen storage, followed by the evolution of standard benchmarks set by international organisations to be achieved by 2030. It further elaborates on major hydrogen storage techniques and provides a comprehensive classification of materials based on physisorption and chemisorption. A detailed discussion is provided on compression, liquid, and material-based storage mechanisms, along with their associated challenges. Additionally, the review investigates specific hydrides with high future potential, including Magnesium (Mg), Titanium-Iron (TiFe), Titanium-Manganese (TiMn₂), Lanthanum-Penta-Nickel (LaNi₅), Magnesium-Nickel (Mg₂Ni), and Sodium-Aluminum Hydride (NaAlH₄). A significant section is also dedicated to assessing recent industrial advancements and startups engaged in manufacturing materials or providing services related to solid-state hydrogen storage. Finally, the review explores potential pathways for the development of next-generation hydrogen storage materials, including novel hybrid material compositions. Overall, this review provides insights into the broad spectrum of hydrogen storage materials, emerging hydrides, and industrial perspectives, offering a foundation for future advancements in solid-state hydrogen storage.