Long-term effects of 3-nitrooxypropanol on methane emission and milk production characteristics in Holstein-Friesian dairy cows
Sanne van Gastelen, E.E.A. Burgers, J. Dijkstra, Rudi de Mol, Wouter Muizelaar, Nicola Walker, A. Bannink
Abstract
The objective was to determine the long-term effect of 3-nitrooxypropanol ( 3-NOP ) on CH 4 emission and milk production characteristics from dairy cows receiving 3-NOP in their diet for a full year, covering all lactation stages of the dairy cows. Sixty-four late-lactation Holstein Friesian cows (34% primiparous) were blocked in pairs, based on expected calving date, parity, and daily milk yield. The experiment started with an adaptation period of 1 week followed by a covariate period of 3 weeks in which all cows received the same basal diet and baseline measurements were performed. Directly after, cows within a block were randomly allocated to 1 of 2 dietary treatments: a diet containing on average 69.8 mg 3-NOP/kg DM (total ration level, corrected for intake of non-supplemented GreenFeed bait) and a diet containing a placebo. Forage composition as well as forage to concentrate ratio altered with lactation stage (i.e., dry period and early, mid, and late lactation). Diets were provided as a total mixed ration and additional bait was fed in GreenFeed units which were used for emission measurements. Supplementation of 3-NOP did not affect total dry matter intake ( DMI ), body weight or body condition score, but resulted in a 6.5% increase in the yields of energy-corrected milk and fat- and protein-corrected milk ( FPCM ). Furthermore, milk fat and protein as well as feed efficiency were increased upon 3-NOP supplementation. Overall, a reduction of 21%, 20%, and 27% was achieved for CH 4 production (g/d), yield (g/kg DMI), and intensity (g/kg FPCM), respectively, upon 3-NOP supplementation. The CH 4 mitigation potential of 3-NOP was affected by the lactation stage dependent diet to which 3-NOP was supplemented. On average, a 16%, 20%, 16%, and 26% reduction in CH 4 yield (g/kg DMI) was achieved upon 3-NOP supplementation for the dry period, and early, mid, and late lactation diet, respectively. The CH 4 mitigation potential of 3-NOP was affected by the length of 3-NOP supplementation within a lactation stage dependent diet and by variation in diet composition within a lactation stage dependent diet as a result of changes in grass and corn silage silos. In conclusion, 3-NOP reduced CH 4 emission from cows receiving 3-NOP for a year, with a positive impact on production characteristics. The CH 4 mitigation potential of 3-NOP was influenced by diet type, diet composition, and nutrition value, and the efficacy of 3-NOP appeared to decline over time but not continuously. Associated with changes in diet composition, increased efficacy of 3-NOP was observed at the start of the trial, at the start of a new lactation, and, importantly, at the end of the trial. These results suggests that diet composition has a large effect on the efficacy of 3-NOP, perhaps even larger than the week of supplementation after first introduction of 3-NOP. Further studies are needed to clarify the long-term effect of 3-NOP on CH 4 emission and to further investigate the effect that variation in diet composition may have on the mitigation potential of 3-NOP.