Breaking the Boundaries of the Goldschmidt Tolerance Factor with Ethylammonium Lead Iodide Perovskite Nanocrystals
C. Meric Guvenc, Stefano Toso, Yurii P. Ivanov, Gabriele Saleh, Sinan Balci, Giorgio Divitini, Liberato Manna
Abstract
High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide We report the synthesis of ethylammonium lead iodide (EAPbI 3 ) colloidal nanocrystals as another member of the lead halide perovskites family. The insertion of an unusually large A -cation (274 pm in diameter) in the perovskite structure, hitherto considered unlikely due to the unfavorable Goldschmidt tolerance factor, results in a significantly larger lattice parameter compared to the Cs-, methylammonium- and formamidinium-based lead halide perovskite homologues. As a consequence, EAPbI 3 nanocrystals are highly unstable, evolving to a nonperovskite δ-EAPbI 3 polymorph within 1 day. Also, EAPbI 3 nanocrystals are very sensitive to electron irradiation and quickly degrade to PbI 2 upon exposure to the electron beam, following a mechanism similar to that of other hybrid lead iodide perovskites (although degradation can be reduced by partially replacing the EA + ions with Cs + ions). Interestingly, in some cases during this degradation the formation of an epitaxial interface between (EA x Cs 1– x )PbI 3 and PbI 2 is observed. The photoluminescence emission of the EAPbI 3 perovskite nanocrystals, albeit being characterized by a low quantum yield (∼1%), can be tuned in the 664–690 nm range by regulating their size during the synthesis. The emission efficiency can be improved upon partial alloying at the A site with Cs + or formamidinium cations. Furthermore, the morphology of the EAPbI 3 nanocrystals can be chosen to be either nanocube or nanoplatelet, depending on the synthesis conditions.