Surface and Interfaces Effects of Concentrations and Alkaline Treatment Durations on Sugar Palm Fiber as Structural Reinforcement in Polymer Composites
Mohammed Huzaifa Mulla, Mohd Nurazzi Norizan, Nurul Fazita Mohammad Rawi, Mohamad Haafiz Mohamad Kassim, Norli Abdullah, Mohd Nor Faiz Norrrahim
Abstract
This study explores the effects of alkaline treatment on sugar palm fiber (SPF) to enhance its suitability as a reinforcement material in polymer composites. SPF is valued for its sustainability, renewability, and excellent mechanical and thermal properties, making it a promising candidate for eco-friendly composite applications. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) was applied at concentrations of 1%, 3%, and 5% for durations of 1, 2, and 3 h to improve the fiber’s chemical, structural, mechanical, and thermal characteristics. Chemical analysis showed a marked reduction in hemicellulose content, resulting in increased cellulose accessibility and crystallinity (from 53.44% to 62.07%). FTIR and XRD analyses confirmed the removal of amorphous components, contributing to enhanced fiber stiffness and thermal stability. Tensile testing demonstrated a substantial increase in tensile strength (from 158.30 MPa to 233.82 MPa), while TGA results indicated improved thermal resistance, with the onset degradation temperature rising from 257.24°C to 267.08°C. SEM imaging revealed increased surface roughness, facilitating better interfacial adhesion with the polymer matrix. Overall, the alkaline treatment significantly improves SPF’s performance, reinforcing its potential as a high-performance, sustainable reinforcement material. These findings support ongoing efforts to optimize natural fiber treatments and advance the development of environmentally friendly composite materials.