State of art: a narrative review on navigating pathogenesis and therapies for genetic oral disorders
Ali Alsuraifi, Yousif Husam, Noor Alhuda R. Mohammed, Fatimah H. Mahdi, Jassem Mohammed, Zainab Mohammed, Sarah Jamal Kareem, Abdullah Ayad
Abstract
Background and Objective: The mouth plays a vital role in talking, eating, and breathing. Genetic conditions such as cleft lip, palate, and other oral structural abnormalities can significantly impact these functions. This study will examine the significance of genetics in oral health and investigate the genetic factors that influence dental conditions. Methods: The literature from 1934 to 2023 was thoroughly examined to compile all research on genetic oral disorders, irrespective of study methodology, using PubMed and Google Scholar. Studies written in languages other than English were deliberately omitted. Key Content and Findings: This review covers a wide range of genetic oral disorders, including cleft lip and palate, ankyloglossia (tongue-tie), and geographic tongue (GT). These conditions not only impact physical health by interfering with vital functions such as eating and speaking but also have significant psychological and social implications. For instance, children with cleft lip and palate often face challenges such as speech impediments and social stigma, necessitating a multi-disciplinary treatment approach. Ankyloglossia, characterized by a restricted lingual frenulum, can cause difficulties in breastfeeding and speech development. GT, marked by irregular red patches on the tongue’s surface, is often associated with emotional stress and nutrient deficiencies, which can lead to discomfort and altered taste sensations. Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (OPMD), a genetic disorder characterized by muscle weakness affecting the eyes, throat, and facial muscles, can severely impact swallowing and speech, requiring ongoing therapeutic management The review also highlights various therapeutic approaches, including surgical interventions like cheiloplasty and palatoplasty for cleft conditions, myofunctional therapy for ankyloglossia, and specific management strategies for GT and OPMD. Conclusions: Genetic factors play a crucial role in the development and manifestation of various oral disorders. By gaining a comprehensive understanding of these genetic influences, healthcare providers can better diagnose, manage, and treat these conditions. Tailored prevention and treatment plans based on genetic insights can significantly improve patient outcomes, enhancing both functional and aesthetic aspects of oral health. Future research should continue to explore the genetic mechanisms underlying these disorders to develop more effective interventions and support mechanisms for affected individuals.