Bioavailability and toxicity of nanoscale/bulk rare earth oxides in soil: physiological and ultrastructural alterations in <i>Eisenia fetida</i>
Muhammad Adeel, Noman Shakoor, Muhammad Arslan Ahmad, Jason C. White, Ghulam Jilani, Yukui Rui
Abstract
The accumulation of rare earth oxides (REOs) in soil beyond 50–100 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> adversely impacts earthworms and soil health.
Topics & Concepts
Eisenia fetidaRare earthBioavailabilityEnvironmental chemistryEarthwormUltrastructureToxicityChemistryNanoscopic scaleMaterials scienceMineralogyNanotechnologyBiologyAgronomyPharmacologyBotanyOrganic chemistryGeochemistry and Elemental AnalysisNanoparticles: synthesis and applicationsHeavy metals in environment